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In this wide-ranging third installment of Malcolm Gladwell's exploration of how people and social phenomena work, the New Yorker journalist takes a close look at what constitutes high levels of success. That is, what makes people at the top of their respective fields get there? As we've come to expect from Gladwell's previous books, the answer to the question is a bit complicated.

He says that upbringing, culture and even random luck have something to with success, but there is another important quality that anyone can control. Two chapters are dedicated to the "revelation" that IQ is only a baseline quality and success has little to nothing to do with having a high IQ or a low IQ. Rather, success is substantially a product of cultivating a high degree of what Robert Sternberg calls "practical intelligence" or what most refer to as "emotional intelligence."

Gladwell uses the example of Nobel laureates coming from unknown schools as often as ivy league schools. At this level of mastery IQ is no longer a factor. Success has little to do with where you were educated and everything to do with your level of practical/emotional intelligence and willingness to put in the 10,000 hours of practice required to reach mastery of your field.

All in all, it's an interesting read that isn't too heady and goes by pretty quickly, as the interesting anecdotes are what you would expect from Gladwell.

INTRODUCTION The Roseto Mystery

PART ONE: OPPORTUNITY

1 The Matthew Effect

2 The 10,000-hour Rule

3 The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 1

4 The Trouble with Geniuses, Part 2

5 The Three Lessons of Joe Flom

PART TWO: LEGACY

6 Harlan, Kentucky

7 The Ethnic Theory of Plane Crashes

8 Rice Paddies and Math Tests

9 Marita's Bargain

EPILOGUE A Jamaican Story

NOTES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

INDEX

Outliers，《异类：不一样的成功启示录》

The Tipping Point，《引爆点》

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拉里奥把中产阶级父母对孩子的教养风格称为“**协调培养**”。这种模式倾向于“发掘孩子的天分，培养孩子的主张和技能。”作为对照，低收入家庭对孩子的教育策略为**“自然成长**”。这些家长把抚养子女成人看作自己的责任，而把孩子的成长与发展看作孩子自己的事儿。

富裕家庭的孩子活动表总被安排得满满的，经常在各类体验中来回穿梭。孩子们**学会与他人协作**完成任务，学会在复杂的组织结构中应付自如。他们还学会如何**舒服地与成年人打交道**，在必要的时候清晰地表达自己的观点。

贾维斯研究了1 741例精神错乱，其中有205例是过度学习造成的。因此，“精神错乱的诱因，教育占了大部分。”

马太效应：凡是有的，还要加给他，叫他有余；没有的，连他所有的，也要夺过来——《新约·马太福音》。

换句话说，成功者就是获得这些特殊机遇的人，他们因此最终取得了更大的进步：富有者因取得了更多的减税优惠而变得更富有；成绩优异的学生因获得了更优秀的老师的指导、更多的关注而取得更好的成绩；冰球队9岁至10岁间的孩子中年纪稍大者获得了更多的指导和训练而变得更优秀。

在社会学领域，成功就是“优势积累”的结果。

职业冰球队员一开始只比最初所在球队的队友好一点点，然而这微小的优势带来的机遇，扩大了他和那些队友之间的差距，随后差距与机会交替发挥作用，微小的差距被越拉越大——最终被选中的队员成了真正出众的天才。天才并非一开始就表现出众，起初他只是比别人优秀那么一点点。

一个人在学习的过程中，要完美掌握某项复杂技能，就要一遍又一遍艰苦练习，练习的时长必须达到一个最小临界量。

研究发现，任何一个领域的世界级水平都需要起码10000小时的训练。10000小时是取得伟大成就的神奇数字。

门槛效应：既然智力因素仅在某种程度上发挥作用，那么超越这一程度，智力发挥不了作用的时候，另外一些因素就开始发挥作用了。

这有点像打篮球：一旦你的身高足够高，人们就开始关注你的速度、球感、灵活性以及球技和投篮准确性了。

发散性思维测试：要求你运用想象力，寻找尽量多的不同的可能性。这类测试中不存在唯一答案；测试的目的是得出你答案的数量和独特性；测试分析的不是你的智力而是你的创造力。

瑞文标准推理测验要求你将可能性分类，排除其他可能性，并努力找到唯一答案，属于收敛性测试。

书籍介绍

In this wide-ranging third installment of Malcolm Gladwell's exploration of how people and social phenomena work, the New Yorker journalist takes a close look at what constitutes high levels of success. That is, what makes people at the top of their respective fields get there? As we've come to expect from Gladwell's previous books, the answer to the question is a bit complicated.

He says that upbringing, culture and even random luck have something to with success, but there is another important quality that anyone can control. Two chapters are dedicated to the "revelation" that IQ is only a baseline quality and success has little to nothing to do with having a high IQ or a low IQ. Rather, success is substantially a product of cultivating a high degree of what Robert Sternberg calls "practical intelligence" or what most refer to as "emotional intelligence."

Gladwell uses the example of Nobel laureates coming from unknown schools as often as ivy league schools. At this level of mastery IQ is no longer a factor. Success has little to do with where you were educated and everything to do with your level of practical/emotional intelligence and willingness to put in the 10,000 hours of practice required to reach mastery of your field.

All in all, it's an interesting read that isn't too heady and goes by pretty quickly, as the interesting anecdotes are what you would expect from Gladwell.